Interdisciplinary Journal of Religious and Multicultural Perspectives
The Interdisciplinary Journal of Religious and Multicultural Perspectives (ISSN 3052-6000) is a peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated to publishing high-quality research that explores the intersections of religion, culture, and social sciences. Our journal provides a platform for scholars, researchers, and educators to engage in critical discussions and present innovative perspectives across a wide range of disciplines within the social sciences and humanities. The Interdisciplinary Journal of Religious and Multicultural Perspectives (IJRMP) welcomes contributions in various formats, including research articles, essays, teaching notes, and book reviews. In addition, we encourage the submission of reports on debates and developments, country studies, conference reports, case studies, lesson reports, reviews, and review essays. We particularly seek manuscripts that either apply social science methodologies in a meaningful way or critically reflect on their application within humanities and social science research. Founded to serve as a leading publication for social science education, IJRMP upholds the highest scholarly standards. Our journal is distinguished by its strong theoretical foundation, interdisciplinary approach, international reach, and commitment to originality. Each submission undergoes a rigorous anonymous peer-review process to ensure the quality and integrity of published work. By fostering intellectual exchange and promoting diverse perspectives, IJRMP aims to contribute to the advancement of knowledge in religious and multicultural studies while addressing contemporary global challenges in the social sciences and humanities. The journal primarily covers social science studies and also emphasizes the following topics: Anthropology Psychology Politics Law History Culture Literature and Linguistics Studies Ethnic Relations Immigration and Migrant Workers Studies Multicultural studies Communication Peace Studies Religious Studies IJRMP is widely regarded as a leading academic publication. It caters to scientists, researchers, professors, and students in the social sciences and humanities, providing a platform for high-impact scholarly articles that advance knowledge in these fields. Each issue features an extensive and insightful book review section, adding further value to its readership. The journal is available in both print and digital formats to ensure broad accessibility. IJRMP welcomes submissions in four primary categories: Original Research Articles, Short Communications, Review Papers, and Special Issue Proposals. Published bimonthly, the journal offers open access to its online edition, allowing readers worldwide to freely download and engage with its content.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. The journal allows authors to retain publishing rights without restrictions and encourages sharing the published work in institutional repositories and academic networks.
The Role of Tourism in the Trade Relations Between China and South Africa
While the historical interactions between these two nations have predominantly focused on commodities trade, infrastructure investment, and manufacturing exchanges, the tourism sector now plays a crucial role in enhancing foreign exchange earnings, expanding the service sector, generating investment spillovers, fostering cultural diplomacy, and facilitating long-term economic integration. The contemporary landscape of South–South economic cooperation is undergoing a profound metamorphosis, with tourism emerging as a pivotal structural catalyst within the Beijing–Pretoria axis. While historical engagements were primarily anchored in the extraction of primary commodities and heavy industrial financing, the current paradigm shift positions the tourism sector as a sophisticated engine for foreign exchange stabilization and service-sector diversification. This research deploys an interdisciplinary analytical lens—integrating international political economy with developmental sociology—to dissect the multidimensional impact of tourism mobility on bilateral trade balances, FDI trajectories, and the empowerment of SME ecosystems. The evidence suggests that tourism functions not merely as a peripheral leisure activity but as a strategic bridge for geopolitical synchronization across the Global South. The study concludes by advocating for a governance model rooted in digital transformation and BRICS-centric sustainable development.
Tourism Economics; China–South Africa Relations; South–South Cooperation; Bilateral Trade; Soft Power; Global South Development
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrated Criminal Policy Approaches to Preventing Violence Against Women and Children
Violence against women and children is a multidimensional phenomenon shaped by legal rules, institutional practices, social norms, economic inequality, and trauma-related health consequences. Evidence from global prevalence studies indicates that violence is widespread and persistent, requiring prevention strategies that extend beyond punishment alone (World Health Organization [WHO], 2021). International standards increasingly frame violence against women and children as a human-rights violation and a state due-diligence obligation, emphasizing survivor safety, non-discrimination, and access to justice (United Nations General Assembly, 1993; UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women [CEDAW], 2017). This paper proposes an integrated criminal policy model that combines (1) effective legal frameworks and enforcement; (2) victim-centered justice and protection; (3) evidence-informed offender management and rehabilitation; and (4) long-term social prevention aligned with public-health and human-rights frameworks. Drawing on the Istanbul Convention’s “4Ps” logic—prevention, protection, prosecution, and coordinated policies—this paper argues that integrated policy is most effective when criminal justice systems are linked to health, social services, education, and community-based interventions (Council of Europe, 2011). The paper concludes with actionable recommendations: strengthen risk-based protection, improve prosecution quality, scale evidence-based prevention packages (INSPIRE and RESPECT), and institutionalize coordinated multi-agency governance with measurable outcomes (WHO, 2016; WHO, 2019).
Violence Against Women; Violence Against Children; Criminal Policy; Prevention; Victim-Centered Justice; Human Rights; Integrated Governance
A Framework for Economic Resilience Through Monetary Plurality
The persistence of global financial instability, sovereign debt fragility, inflationary volatility, and asymmetric currency dependence has intensified scholarly debate regarding the structural limitations of centralized fiat-monetary regimes. This study advances a theoretically grounded and institutionally operational Monetary Plurality Framework designed to enhance systemic resilience through diversified currency architecture, asset-anchored valuation, and hybrid governance integration. Drawing upon interdisciplinary monetary theory, comparative institutional analysis, and resilience economics, the research develops a multi-tier monetary ecosystem combining centralized macro-stability with decentralized micro-adaptability enabled by distributed ledger technologies. The findings suggest that monetary diversification reduces crisis transmission, strengthens domestic productive linkage, and improves long-term financial sovereignty. The study contributes to the literature by synthesizing complementary currency theory, asset-backed monetary design, and digital governance economics into a unified resilience-oriented model suitable for volatile global conditions.
Passive Coping; Psychosocial Adjustment; Youth
Role of Muslim Women in Interreligious Education: An Islamic Perspective
Interreligious learning is becoming more relevant in plural societies, as the case of Bangladesh will illustrate, where religious diversity finds its place alongside resilient cultural and Islamic traditions. Muslim women, as teachers, mothers and members of the community are a meaningful force for promoting dialogue, tolerance and social harmony. Yet, their contribution has been less researched empirically, particularly in an Islamic context. This research is designed to explore the role of Muslim women in interfaith education in Bangladesh. In particular, it aims to examine their background knowledge and understanding; perceived roles and Islamic rationale for participation; the perceived barriers of Muslim women’s involvement; and socio-cultural implications. Quantitative research design was employed with the aid of a structured questionnaire on a five-point Likert scale. Muslim women were drawn from educational institutions, community and organizations. Relationships between awareness, religiosity/religious perspective, participation and perceived impact were evaluated using descriptive statistics and inferential analyses. The results have demonstrated significant consensus in which Islamic knowledge is conducive to tolerance and Muslim women contribute toward fostering respect for religious pluralism. But there were also cultural barriers, institutional constraints and training gaps that hindered active participation. The involvement of women in interreligious education is positively associated with perceived social harmony, youth tolerance, and community cohesion. The research concludes that policy support, education and training for Muslim women could contribute to the enhancement of the understanding among religious communities in Bangladesh consistent with Islamic teachings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marufa Islam, Md Sarowar Hossain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Worship of Ong Bon at Phuoc AN Temple, Thu Dau Mot Ward, Ho Chi Minh City: Ritual Procedures and Symbolic Significance
This article examines the ritual process of the worship of Ong Bon at Phuoc An Temple, Thu Dau Mot Ward, Ho Chi Minh City, with a focus on interpreting the symbolic meanings of ritual practices. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, participant observation, and in-depth interviews, the study documents and analyzes activities performed during the festival, such as sedan chair shaking, touch statue, passing beneath the sedan chair and ritual chants. Grounded in Victor Turner’s theories of ritual and symbolism and Clifford Geertz’s interpretive anthropology, the findings demonstrate that each ritual embodies distinct layers of meaning, ranging from divine - human communion and the seeking of blessings to the reaffirmation of collective belief. Accordingly, the worship of Ong Bon is not merely a form of religious practice but also a distinctive mode of cultural expression, reflecting the adaptive transformation of Chinese religious traditions in the Southern Vietnamese context.
Copyright (c) 2026 To To Huynh Anh Tuan, Dr. Dang Hoang Lan, Dr. Bui Thi Ngoc Phuong (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Recent Amendments in Nab Law an In - Depth Analysis
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the National Accountability Ordinance (NAO) 1999 in the prevention of corruption within the public sector of Pakistan. It evaluates the legal framework and the results of its implementation. Corruption is a substantial impediment to the development and stability of nations, particularly in the sphere of public affairs, as it perpetuates inequalities, impedes economic growth, and undermines trust. A comprehensive set of laws, regulations, and institutional structures, the National Accountability Ordinance (NAO) was enacted in Pakistan to address corruption. Its objective is to promote effective governance, accountability, and transparency. The study employs doctrinal qualitative analysis to contextualise the research within the ethical, legal, and social frameworks. The research methodology employed is interpretive, analytical, and evaluative. The study emphasises the fundamental principles that serve as the foundation of the NAO, with a particular focus on its role in the prevention of corrupt practices, the investigation of corruption cases, and the imposition of sanctions on those responsible. This essay investigates the function of the National Accountability Bureau (NAB), a distinguished organisation that is dedicated to the prevention of corruption. The National Accountability Bureau (NAB) is responsible for the enforcement of the National Accountability Ordinance (NAO) through the conduct of investigations and legal proceedings in corruption cases. This article examines the obstacles and conflicts that arise during the implementation of the NAO in the context of anti-corruption initiatives. The assessment conducts a comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy of accountability mechanisms, the independence of anti-corruption organisations, and political interference. The research indicates that corruption has significantly undermined the efficiency of the public sector. It is imperative to establish and enforce the National Anti-Corruption Organisation (NAO) with impartiality and efficiency in order to resolve this issue. The study also finds gaps in the recent amendment promulgated by the law makers in the NAO during the phase of 2021-2023 and recommends the legislative changes to offer more effective anticorruption frame work keeping in view the concerns of the law makers. This thesis provides rational and logical analysis of the National Accountability Ordinance and operations in precluding the rampant corruption in Pakistan based on the best practices exercised by the international agencies. The study explores the procedures and types of corruption in vogue in the country and how the top class enjoys the authority to challenge the NAB Laws, the investigators and the officials who are deployed to eradicate the menace of corruption. The study further discovers that the law makers have not pursued the structural reforms in the NAB laws to augment modern/unbiased ways to inquire white collar crimes and as such no amendment has been designed to tailor the Policy Implementation of the NAB Laws 1999, with regard to fairness and Code of Conduct of NAB employees (as enshrined in NAB Terms and Conditions of Service – 2002) which declares that the NAB Human Resource is the first and foremost subject of accountability.
NAB Law; Anti-Corruption; Pakistan; Legal Amendments; Political Interference; Accountability; NAO 1999
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ethnic and Local Characteristics of Men’s Traditional Clothing in the Khorezm Oasis
This article provides a detailed ethnographic analysis of men’s traditional clothing in the Khorezm oasis, emphasizing its ethnic, social, and environmental dimensions. Particular attention is paid to headwear and outer garments as key indicators of local identity, age hierarchy, and social respect. The study combines a critical analysis of classical ethnographic and historical literature with the author’s long-term field research conducted in various districts of Khorezm between 1995 and 2017. The findings demonstrate that despite significant socio-economic changes during the twentieth century, many traditional elements of men’s clothing have been preserved in ceremonial contexts and continue to function as symbols of cultural continuity.
Traditional Clothing; Khorezm; Men’s Costume; Skullcap; Chogirma; Chapan; Ethnography
Sound, Symbol, and Devotion: A Semiotic Study of Fǎqì Percussion and Fànbài Chant in Han Mahayana Buddhism
Fǎqì is a percussion instrument traditionally employed in Han Mahayana Buddhist practice and plays a central role in regulating monastic life and ritual worship. Functioning as an acoustic signaling system, fǎqì is used to mark the division of six daily periods (liùshí xíngdào) in monastery activities, including early morning, midday, late afternoon, evening, and late-night observances. In addition to its time-keeping role, fǎqì serves as rhythmic accompaniment in gòngxiū devotional ceremonies. Within ritual performance, fǎqì interacts with core musical elements—melody, harmony, rhythm, and timbre—particularly in the chanting of zànsòng hymns and the recitation of sòngjīng texts rendered in the fànbài vocal style. These vocal practices are based on scriptural sources drawn from the Mahātripiṭaka, including sutras, mantras, and dhāraṇīs. The central issue addressed in this study concerns the function of fǎqì as a tempo-regulating instrument that simultaneously operates as a symbolic sound marker accompanying fànbài chant. This research adopts a qualitative phenomenological approach, integrating ethnomusicological perspectives derived from Bruno Nettl with theories of musical semiotics. Data were collected through interpretative phenomenological analysis involving participant observation, in-depth interviews conducted both online and offline, focus group discussions, and documentation. The findings demonstrate that fǎqì functions not merely as a temporal signaling device but as an integral component of religious musical expression. The instrumentation system employs established symbolic notations and designated percussion instruments—including dàqǐng, mùyú, yǐnqǐng, diàozhōng, hāzǐ, gǔ, dàgǔ, and dāngzǐ—each fulfilling specific ritual and musical roles. Through its organized sound production and symbolic function, fǎqì may be understood as a form of religious music that embodies the spiritual identity and contemplative orientation of Han Mahayana Buddhism.
Fǎqì Percussion; Fànbài Chant; Han Mahayana Buddhism; Buddhist Ritual Music; Ethnomusicology
International Political Rhetoric and Domestic Conflict Narratives: A Qualitative Analysis of Trump’s ‘Christian Genocide’ Speech and Nigerian Media Responses
Religious violence in Nigeria attracts significant international attention, particularly when external actors frame domestic conflicts in moralized or geopolitical terms. Donald Trump’s 2025 declaration of a “Christian genocide” in Nigeria intensified global scrutiny and reshaped discourse surrounding local insecurity. Although prior studies examine religion, political rhetoric, and media framing in Nigeria, none have analysed these perspectives through integrated lenses of securitization, globalization, and postcolonial contestation. This study addresses this gap by critically assessing how Nigerian newspapers framed Trump’s claims, examining how international media interpreted, reproduced, or contested these assertions, and analysing competing narratives around violence, identity, and religion. An explorative qualitative design was employed, drawing on peer-reviewed journal articles, scholarly books, and reputable reports, analysed thematically. Securitization theory guided the analysis, illuminating how external rhetoric constructs perceived threats. Key findings reveal that Trump’s speech elevated localized violence into a global moral crisis, while Nigerian media actively negotiated, resisted, or reframed these narratives in line with domestic political, social, and religious contexts. The study recommends evidence-based, context-sensitive reporting and improved international engagement strategies. Consequently, this study contributes to conflict studies, international relations, media studies, African studies, and contemporary historical studies. Policy implications include strengthening media regulation, promoting conflict-sensitive journalism, and developing strategies to manage the influence of external political rhetoric. Future research should explore how digital media and transnational networks shape the circulation and impact of international political narratives on African conflict discourses.
Christian Genocide; Media Framing; Conflict; Political Rhetoric; Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2025 PROF. AF USMAN, Muazu Alkali BELLO (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ethnic Conflict between UIT and UTM University Students: Root Causes, Governance and Response
Interethnic relation is an inevitable aspect of any social relationship. The main aim of this study was to assess the interethnic relation between UIT and UTM university students especially the case of University undergraduate students. The study employed qualitative case study design through dealing with wide ranges of primary and secondary sources. Key informants and FGD participants were selected based on both purposive and snowball sampling. The data obtained from both primary and secondary sources were analyzed using thematic analysis. This study revealed that collective memory, activists and political parties with extremist ideas, unverified or edited historical narrations, hate speech, social media, and abusive statements of government officials are behind the cause of the interethnic conflict between UIT and UTM students in BDU. The university organized SD programs and a consistent dialogue and successive training that aims to create interethnic friendship ought to be rendered so that there exists a smooth interethnic relation between UIT and UTM students. The researcher recommended that the ethnic identity of every Ethiopian should be respected, while at the same time national identity must be stressed in order not to repeat the previous mistakes of over emphasis of either ethnicity or nationality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jalaia Abund (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Zakat, Infaq, and Social Justice in Islamic Political Thought: An Analytical Normative Framework for Foreign Policy Ethics"
This study demonstrates at a conceptual level that the fundamental principles of Islamic political thought—zakat, infaq, and social justice—constitute an authentic normative framework for foreign policy ethics. The research argues that states should guide their international behavior not only through calculations of power and interest but also through principles of moral responsibility and distributive justice. The central problematic of the study concerns how the principles of zakat, infaq, and social justice in Islamic political thought form the normative foundation of states' foreign policy behaviors, and what theoretical and practical contributions these principles can offer to the construction of a distributive justice-centered foreign policy ethics model in the contemporary international system. Through qualitative research methodology, the study systematically examines classical Islamic sources and contemporary normative international relations literature, conducting data-concept-theory analysis. Findings reveal that Islamic political thought presents a three-layered normative structure extending from individual taqwa consciousness at the micro level to a global justice order at the macro level. It has been determined that zakat constitutes an institutional model for international solidarity and resource sharing, infaq strengthens foreign policy behaviors based on voluntary responsibility consciousness, and social justice ensures internal-external policy coherence through moral consistency. The study demonstrates that states' establishment of social justice internally directly affects their acquisition of normative credibility and legitimacy externally. Administrators' possession of beautiful character, taqwa, and ihsan enables the establishment of strong bonds with the populace, and this bond multiplies the state's success in foreign policy. The research makes an original contribution to international relations literature by building conceptual bridges between Islamic political thought and contemporary normative international relations theories, carrying the potential to develop alternative solutions to global problems. The theoretical contribution of the study lies in making visible the normative richness of different civilizational traditions beyond Western-centered theories.
Islamic Political Thought; Zakat; Infaq; Social Justice; Foreign Policy Ethics; Normative International Relations
Copyright (c) 2025 Sıddık Arslan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Balochistan’s Trophy Hunting Program Promoting Conservation and Community Development
This study assesses the Trophy Hunting Programme in Balochistan its practice, impactsin biodiversity improvement within six community-based conservancies in Balochistan namely 1) Torghar Community Game Reserve, 2) Dureji Community Game Reserve, 3) Shahnoorani Community Game Reserve, 4) Taloband Community Game Reserve, 5) Phore Community Game Reserve and 6) Baran Lakh Community Game Reserve, Pakistan. The study focuses on the harvest of five ungulate species (Suleiman Markhor, Afghan Urial, Blandford Urial, Sind Ibex, and Kennion Gazelle). Data analysis explores species quotas allocated by the CITES management authority, revenue generation, and the program's impact on local communities. The analysis of data in this study reveals thatin Trophy Hunting Season 2021-22 overall quota for Balochistan was 44 Nos., while in Trophy Hunting Season 2022-23 it was increased upto 56 Trophies and in Trophy Hunting Season 2023-24 it has jumped upto allocation of 80 trophies to the province which indicates the increase in the population size of targeted species in all the notified conservancies, moreover, the trophy hunting season 2023-24 was highly successful, with the Suleiman Markhor fetching the world's highest bid of Rs. 0.245 Million (US Dollars) and generating a total Revenue as Rs. 455,222,835/- (Four Hundred Fifty-five Million Two Hundred Twenty-two Thousand Eight Hundred Thirty-five). Based on these results, the study recommends: Strategically expanding trophy hunting opportunities with meticulous consideration of new target species and geographic areas, Establishing a dedicated Trophy Hunting Endowment Fund to channel revenue towards wildlife habitat enhancement and community development initiatives, Implementing supplementary projects within the conservancies to address climate change mitigation and zoonotic disease control and Utilizing online bidding platforms to streamline the process and enhance accessibility for international hunters. Besides, the evaluation of Historical dataof the study suggests a positive correlation between trophy hunting and population growth of targeted ungulate species within the conservancies. This research also contributes to the ongoing discourse on the viability of trophy hunting as a sustainable conservation strategy and its potential to generate socioeconomic benefits for local communities.
Trophy Hunting Programme; Sustainable Conservation Strategy; Community Development
Copyright (c) 2025 Arz Muhammad Umrani, Sharif ud Din Baloch, Tariq Khan, Mehmood Khan, Karam Khan, Umair Safdar, Muhammad Sajawal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
A Discursive Comparison of Trump’s and Al-Kazemi’s Speeches: Investigating Terrorism from Two Perspectives
Considering the prevalent use of political discourse in the politicized world today, especially the ever-existing east and west polarities, any attempt to conduct a critical discourse analysis can be worth considering. Knowledge of the underlying thoughts and intentions of politicians in the discourse they present to one or more nations can be interesting and useful to English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners too, as they are supposed to be prepared to face authentic text types. In the present research, the samples of the speeches made by two political leaders talking about terrorism were analyzed. One speaker was Donald Trump, the president of the U.S. and the other was Al-Kazemi, the prime minister of Iraq. These two could very well represent the two opposing perspectives to terrorism, the western and the eastern. For this purpose, Van Dijk’s theoretical framework was used which originally consists of 40 strategies, among which 12 were analyzed in this research. Among these strategies, some were more commonly used to influence the audience than the others (e.g. repetition). The qualitative analysis also showed that both parties attempted to exempt the self from the prevalent terrorism and instead blame the other for promoting terrorism. The western party even showed instances of putting part of the blame on his political rival in the U.S. (Hillary Clinton) for the promotion of terrorism. Finally, the findings were discussed in further detail and several conclusive remarks were made. Suggestions for further research followed the conclusion.
Critical Discourse Analysis; Discourse Analysis; Political Discourse; Van Dijk’s Model
Copyright (c) 2025 Seyed Ali Ali Jamil, Foud Motevali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Exploring Youths’ Enantiodromia and Passive Coping in Venice City During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Phenomenological Study
The COVID-19 pandemic has emerged as an unprecedented global health crisis, affecting not only physical health but also the psychological resilience of societies. Particularly among youths, the crisis has intensified existing psychosocial vulnerabilities, often manifesting as enantiodromia—acting contrary to recommended norms—and passive coping mechanisms. This study aimed to explore how these patterns among youths in Venice City contributed to poor psychosocial adjustment and potentially accelerated the spread of COVID-19. Using a qualitative phenomenological approach, data were collected through interviews, transect walk observations, and targeted surveillance of indoor recreational centers and khat-selling areas. Findings revealed that cognitive and behavioral passive coping, combined with oppositional behavior (enantiodromia), acted as underlying psychosocial processes exacerbating public health challenges during the pandemic.
Enantiodromia; Passive Coping; Psychosocial Adjustment; Youth; COVID-19
Copyright (c) 2025 Andreas Michieletto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Effects of Continuous Debt on National Economic Growth
This study examines how substantial external debt and its associated servicing obligations influence the economic growth of a national economy. The external debts of both Iraq and Iraq are assessed in a revised framework that employs conventional yet creatively applied economic models and econometric approaches. The research utilizes the Neoclassical growth model—integrating external sector factors, debt indicators, and various macroeconomic variables—to assess both linear and nonlinear impacts of debt on economic expansion and investment. Analytical techniques such as Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Generalized Least Squares (GLS) are used. Among the findings, the study confirms that external debt and its servicing requirements exert a negative effect on economic growth in both countries. Nevertheless, Iraq demonstrates relatively better performance in using foreign loans to support economic development. Furthermore, the results show that while external debt initially fosters growth in Iraq, beyond a certain level, it begins to hinder it, indicating the presence of nonlinear effects.
Copyright (c) 2025 Al-Khalil Samir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
As holders of an important role in learning, teachers and prospective teachers should be equipped with competence in solving problems in the classroom. In the film "Freedom Writer" there are several scenes that we can sample to improve competence in solving problems in class. In the movie "Freedom Writer" the problem that arises in class is about racism. The purpose of this film is to identify problems that can occur in the classroom and how to overcome them. The method used in this research is a two-stage signification semiotic analysis method by Roland Barthes. The main data is obtained based on observations by watching the film Freedom Writers, then the author will make thorough and in-depth observations of each shot per scene. Next, the writer will identify the dialogue and visual images that can represent and describe the social message being studied. Secondary data will be obtained through literature study using reading literature, reading books and scientific works that are related and relevant to the object of research to be studied. The conclusion of this study is the meaning of the educational message contained in the film Freedom Writers which is an example of how teachers or prospective teachers are able to solve problems in the classroom. This film also teaches the value of anti-racism and violence, the value of cooperation, and the value of justice.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Enhancing Laser Physics Education through Multimedia Technologies and Interactive Simulators
The integration of multimedia technologies into modern education systems presents powerful opportunities to enhance students' cognitive development, engagement, and retention of complex concepts. This paper examines the development, application, and outcomes of utilizing interactive Java applets and digital modeling tools in laser physics education. We detail a collaborative effort among educators, physicists, and multimedia developers to establish an innovative, multimedia-driven educational environment. This study also provides a comprehensive overview of the pedagogical methodologies, technical frameworks, and tangible benefits resulting from the use of Adobe Flash CS3, Autodesk 3ds Max, and Java programming. These tools collectively contribute to delivering high-quality, individualized educational experiences tailored to students' diverse learning needs.
Laser Physics; Multimedia Technologies; Teaching Methods; Digital Modeling, Individualized Education; Adobe Flash CS3; Java Programs
An Analysis of the Cost Efficiency in Tourism Management
Tourists—and the money they spend—can significantly boost a community's economy and government revenues. By allowing local communities to benefit from their natural and cultural attractions, tourism can serve as an effective economic development strategy. As tourism has become an essential part of modern societies, studying and analyzing its impact is crucial to maximizing its economic and social benefits in alignment with societal goals. This study examines cost efficiency in tourism management, focusing on strategies that optimize financial performance while maintaining service quality. By analyzing key factors such as resource allocation, operational expenses, and revenue management, this research identifies best practices for achieving cost efficiency in various tourism sectors, including hospitality, transportation, and destination management. The findings highlight the importance of technology adoption, staff training, and sustainable practices in reducing costs without compromising customer satisfaction. This paper contributes to the existing literature by providing actionable insights for tourism managers and policymakers to enhance profitability and competitiveness in the industry. This study aims to assess the role and impact of management strategies in developing and planning tourism businesses while evaluating various costs and benefits. It highlights the cost-effectiveness of tourism management and explores emerging trends in the industry. In today's landscape, social media plays a crucial role in enhancing cost efficiency. Effective utilization of social media has been shown to increase the number and duration of visits, enhance visitor satisfaction, and improve repeat tourism, ultimately benefiting tourism management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Johns Mars (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Comparative Analysis of the Image of Timur, Researched in English Literature
This study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of the literary representations of Timur (Tamerlane) in Christopher Marlowe's Tamburlaine the Great (1587) and Abdullah Oripov's Sahibkiran (1996). Through close textual analysis and historical contextualization, the paper examines how these two seminal works from radically different cultural traditions - Elizabethan England and post-Soviet Uzbekistan - construct divergent yet equally compelling portraits of the same historical conqueror. The analysis reveals Marlowe's Timur as a complex embodiment of Renaissance humanist ideals, simultaneously charismatic and terrifying, while Oripov's Sahibkiran emerges as a national hero and cultural icon. By employing methodologies from comparative literature and cultural studies, this research demonstrates how literary portrayals of historical figures serve as contested sites of cultural memory, reflecting and shaping national identities. The study makes significant contributions to our understanding of cross-cultural reception history, the politics of historical representation, and the enduring legacy of Timur in both Western and Eastern literary imaginations. The findings highlight the crucial role of historical context in shaping literary interpretations, while also revealing surprising thematic continuities in how different cultures grapple with the paradoxes of power and leadership.This article provides a comparative analysis of the Eastern influences on Christopher Marlowe’s tragedy Tamburlaine the Great, a key work of the 16th-century English playwright. The study investigates how Timur is portrayed in Marlowe’s drama, examining its historical and literary interpretations. Additionally, it explores Timur’s representation in Abdullah Oripov’s drama Sahibkiran, tracing how the figure of Timur has been reimagined across Western and Eastern literary traditions by various writers, poets, and scholars.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nargis Osman Nazarof (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Exploring Youth Behavior and Mental Health: A Psychological and Sociological Analysis During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic is a global crisis that has significantly affected healthcare systems, social structures, and individual well-being. This study explores how extreme behavioral shifts (enantiodromia) and passive coping strategies, such as withdrawal and avoidance, have emerged among youth in response to pandemic-induced stress and anxiety. These coping mechanisms can negatively impact psychosocial well-being, leading to increased anxiety, depression, and social strain, further exacerbating the societal challenges posed by the pandemic. The study aims to contribute to the broader understanding of how youth coping behaviors may either alleviate or intensify the effects of COVID-19 within communities and the potential long-term consequences of these patterns. A qualitative phenomenological research design was utilized to explore participants' lived experiences. Data collection methods included interviews, transect walk observations, and personal surveillance, providing a comprehensive understanding of youth engagement with the pandemic in real-life contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zanata Roughly Niopia (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/